Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

#PUBLICATION NOTE

This edition of On the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution has been prepared and revised for digital publication by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism under the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Switzerland on the basis of the following editions:

• Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, First English Edition, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 1966.
• Comments on the Decision of the Central Committee Concerning the Cultural Revolution, in the Collected Writings of Mao Zedong Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, First Chinese Edition, Vol. 12, Central Party Literature Publishing House, Beijing.

#INTRODUCTION NOTE

This is a resolution drafted by Comrade Mao Zedong, Chen Boda, and others for the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in July-August 1966. It was adopted by the 11th Plenary Session of the Party's Eighth Central Committee in Beijing on the 8th of August, 1966, and was first published in the Renmin Ribao (9th of August, 1966).

Passages written by Comrade Mao Zedong are marked in bold.

#Workers and oppressed people of the world, unite!

#COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT

#Mao Zedong

#July-August 1966

#★

#1

#To Comrade Chen Boda

I've read the draft, and it's very good. The drafting group should hold one or two meetings to discuss it, and then the Political Bureau should hold a third meeting to discuss it, with responsible comrades from all the bureaus of the Central Committee and from the Shanghai and Beijing Municipal Committees participating. After three days' discussion and approval, it can be published in the name of the Central Committee. It would be best to publish it on the 1st of August. I've slightly modified the last two pages.

#Mao Zedong

#21st of July

#2

I've made some revisions to the draft, which should be discussed.

#26th of July

#3

#To Comrade Chen Boda

The revisions are very good, and the draft may be printed for circulation immediately.

#Mao Zedong

#21:00 on the 3rd of August

#4

#To Comrade Chen Boda

It would be more appropriate to change the words «revolutionary boys» to «revolutionary youth». Please use your discretion.

#Mao Zedong

#14:00 on the 7th of August

#5

#To Comrade Chen Boda

I agree with the revisions. I have added a few words on Page 10, please consider them.

#22:00 on the 7th of August

#Workers and oppressed people of the world, unite!

#ON THE GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION

#RESOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA

#Mao Zedong and Others

#July-August 1966

#★

#1. A NEW STAGE IN THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution now unfolding is a great revolution that touches people to their very souls and constitutes a new stage in the development of the socialist revolution in our country, a stage which is both broader and deeper.

At the Tenth Plenary Session of the Party's Eighth Central Committee, Comrade Mao Zedong said: «To overthrow a political power, it is always necessary first of all to create public opinion, to do work in the ideological sphere. This is true for the revolutionary class as well as for the counter-revolutionary class.»¹ This thesis of Comrade Mao Zedong's has been proved entirely correct in practice.

Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to use the old ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the exploiting classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds, and endeavour to stage a comeback. The proletariat must do the exact opposite: it must meet head-on every challenge of the bourgeoisie in the ideological field and use the new ideas, culture, customs, and habits of the proletariat to change the worldview of the whole of society. At present, our objective is to struggle against and overthrow those persons in power who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize and repudiate the bourgeois reactionary academic «authorities» and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes, and to transform education, literature, art, and all other parts of the superstructure not in correspondence with the socialist economic basis, so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist system.

#2. THE MAIN CURRENT AND THE TWISTS AND TURNS

The masses of the workers, peasants, soldiers, revolutionary intellectuals, and revolutionary cadres form the main force in this Great Cultural Revolution. Large numbers of revolutionary youth, previously unknown, have become courageous and daring path-breakers. They are vigorous in action and intelligent. Through the media of big-character posters and great debates, they argue things out, expose and criticize thoroughly, and launch resolute attacks on the open and hidden representatives of the bourgeoisie. In such a great revolutionary movement, it is hardly avoidable that they should show shortcomings of one kind or another; however, their general revolutionary orientation has been correct from the beginning. This is the main current in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. It is the general direction along which this revolution continues to advance.

Since the Cultural Revolution is a revolution, it inevitably meets with resistance. This resistance comes chiefly from those persons in power who are taking the capitalist road and who have wormed their way into the Party. It also comes from the force of habits from the old society. At present, this resistance is still fairly stubborn. But after all, the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is an irresistible general trend. There is abundant evidence that such resistance will be quickly broken down once the masses become fully mobilized.

Because the resistance is fairly strong, there will be reversals and even repeated reversals in this struggle. There is no harm in this. It tempers the proletariat and other working people, and especially the younger generation, teaches them lessons, gives them experience, and helps them to understand the revolutionary road zigzags and does not run smooth.

#3. PUT DARING ABOVE ALL ELSE AND BOLDLY MOBILIZE THE MASSES

The outcome of this Great Cultural Revolution will be determined by whether or not the Party leadership dares boldly to mobilize the masses.

Currently, there are four different situations with regard to the leadership being given to the movement of Cultural Revolution by Party organizations at various levels:

• First, there is the situation in which the persons in charge of Party organizations stand in the forefront of the movement and dare to mobilize the masses boldly. They put daring above everything else, they are dauntless Communist fighters and good pupils of Chairman Mao. They advocate the big-character posters and great debates. They encourage the masses to expose every kind of ghost and monster and also to criticize the shortcomings and errors in the work of the persons in charge. This correct kind of leadership is the result of putting proletarian politics in command and taking Mao Zedong's Thought as the guide.
• Second, in many units, the persons in charge have a very poor understanding of the task of leadership in this great struggle, their leadership is far from being conscientious and effective, and they accordingly find themselves incompetent and in a weak position. They put fear above everything else, stick to outdated ways and regulations, and are unwilling to break away from conventional practices and move ahead. They have been taken unawares by the new order of things, the revolutionary order of the masses, with the result that their leadership lags behind the situation, lags behind the masses.
• Third, in some units, the persons in charge, who made mistakes of one kind or another in the past, are even more prone to put fear above everything else, being afraid that the masses will catch them out. Actually, if they make serious self-criticism and accept the criticism of the masses, the Party and the masses will make allowances for their mistakes. But if the persons in charge don't, they will continue to make mistakes and become obstacles to the mass movement.
• Fourth, some units are controlled by persons taking the capitalist road who have wormed their way into the Party. Such persons in power are extremely afraid of being exposed by the masses and therefore seek every possible pretext to suppress the mass movement. They resort to such tactics as shifting the targets for attack and turning black into white in an attempt to lead the movement astray. When they find themselves very isolated and no longer able to carry on as before, they resort still more to intrigues, backstabbing, spreading rumours, and blurring the distinction between revolution and counter-revolution as much as they can, all for the purpose of attacking the revolutionaries.

What the Party's Central Committee demands of the Party committees at all levels is that they persevere in giving correct leadership, put daring above everything else, boldly mobilize the masses, change the state of weakness and incompetence where it exists, encourage those comrades who have made mistakes but are willing to correct them to cast off their mental burdens and join in the struggle, and dismiss from their leading posts all those in power who are taking the capitalist road, and so make possible the recapture of the leadership for the proletarian revolutionaries.

#4. LET THE MASSES EDUCATE THEMSELVES IN THE MOVEMENT

In the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, the only method is for the masses to liberate themselves, and any method of doing things in their stead must not be used.

Trust the masses, rely on them, and respect their initiative. Cast out fear. Don't be afraid of disturbances. Chairman Mao has often told us that revolution cannot be so very refined, so gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained, and magnanimous. Let the masses educate themselves in this great revolutionary movement and learn to distinguish between right and wrong and between correct and incorrect ways of doing things.

Make the fullest use of big-character posters and great debates to argue matters out, so that the masses can clarify the correct views, criticize the wrong views, and expose all the ghosts and monsters. In this way, the masses will be able to raise their political consciousness in the course of the struggle, enhance their abilities and talents, distinguish right from wrong, and draw a clear line between ourselves and the enemy.

#5. FIRMLY APPLY THE PARTY'S CLASS LINE

Who are our enemies? Who are our friends? This is a question of the first importance for the revolution, and it is likewise a question of the first importance for the Great Cultural Revolution.

Party leadership should be good at discovering the Left wing and developing and strengthening the ranks of the Left wing; it should firmly rely on the revolutionary Left wing. During the movement, this is the only way to isolate the most reactionary Right-wingers thoroughly, win over the middle, and unite with the great majority, so that, by the end of the movement, we shall achieve the unity of more than 95% of the cadres and more than 95% of the masses.

Concentrate all forces to strike at the handful of ultra-reactionary bourgeois Right-wingers and counter-revolutionary revisionists, and expose and criticize to the full their crimes against the Party, against socialism, and against Mao Zedong's Thought, so as to isolate them to the maximum.

The main target of the present movement is those Party members in power who are taking the capitalist road.

The strictest care should be taken to distinguish between the anti-Party, anti-socialist Right-wingers and those who support the Party and socialism but have said or done something wrong or have written some bad articles or other works.

The strictest care should be taken to distinguish between the bourgeois reactionary scholar-tyrants and «authorities» on the one hand and people who have ordinary bourgeois academic ideas on the other.

#6. CORRECTLY HANDLE CONTRADICTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE

A strict distinction must be made between the two different types of contradictions: those among the people and those between ourselves and the enemy. Contradictions among the people must not be made into contradictions between ourselves and the enemy; nor must contradictions between ourselves and the enemy be regarded as contradictions among the people.

It is normal for the masses to hold different views. Contention between different views is unavoidable, necessary, and beneficial. In the course of normal and full debate, the masses will affirm what is right, correct what is wrong, and gradually reach unanimity.

The method to be used in debates is to present the facts, reason things out, and persuade through reasoning. Any method of forcing a minority holding different views to submit is impermissible. The minority should be protected, because sometimes the truth is with the minority. Even if the minority is wrong, they should still be allowed to argue their case and reserve their views.

When there is a debate, it should be conducted by reasoning, not by coercion or force.

In the course of debate, all revolutionaries should be good at thinking things out for themselves and should develop the Communist spirit of daring to think, daring to speak, and daring to act. On the premise that they have the same general orientation, revolutionary comrades should, for the sake of strengthening unity, avoid endless debate over side issues.

#7. BE ON GUARD AGAINST THOSE WHO BRAND THE REVOLUTIONARY MASSES AS «COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARIES»

In certain schools, units, and work teams of the Cultural Revolution, some of the persons in charge have organized counter-attacks against the masses who put up big-character posters criticizing them. These people have even advance such slogans as: «Opposition to the directors of a unit or a work team means opposition to the Central Committee of the Party, means opposition to the Party and socialism, means counter-revolution.» In this way, it is inevitable that their blows will fall on some really revolutionary activists. This is an error on matters of orientation, an error of line, and is absolutely impermissible.

A number of persons who suffer from serious ideological errors, and particularly some of the anti-Party and anti-socialist Right-wingers, are taking advantage of certain shortcomings and mistakes in the mass movement to spread rumours and gossip, and engage in agitation, deliberately branding some of the masses as «counter-revolutionaries». It is necessary to beware of such «pickpockets» and expose their tricks in good time.

In the course of the movement, with the exception of cases of active counter-revolutionaries where there is clear evidence of crimes such as murder, arson, poisoning, sabotage, or theft of State secrets, which should be handled in accordance with the law, no measures should be taken against students at universities, colleges, middle schools, an primary schools because of problems that arise in the movement. To prevent the struggle from being diverted from its main target, it is not allowed, under whatever pretext, to incite the masses or the students to struggle each other. Even proven Right-wingers should be dealt with on the merits of each case at a later stage of the movement.

#8. THE QUESTION OF CADRES

The cadres fall roughly into the following four categories:

• First, good.
• Second, comparatively good.
• Third, those who have made serious mistakes, but have not become anti-Party, anti-socialist Right-wingers.
• Fourth, the small number of anti-Party, anti-socialist Right-wingers.

In ordinary situations, the first two categories (good and comparatively good) are the great majority.

The anti-Party, anti-socialist Right-wingers must be fully exposed, refuted, overthrown, and completely discredited and their influence eliminated. At the same time, they should be given a chance to turn over a new leaf.

#9. CULTURAL-REVOLUTIONARY GROUPS, COMMITTEES, AND CONGRESSES

Many new things have begun to emerge in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The cultural revolutionary groups, committees, and other organizational forms created by the masses in many schools and units are something new and of great historic importance.

These cultural revolutionary groups, committees, and congresses are excellent new forms of organization whereby the masses educate themselves under the leadership of the Communist Party. They are an excellent bridge to keep our Party in close contact with the masses. They are bodies of power of the Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

The struggle of the proletariat against the old ideas, culture, customs, and habits left over by all the exploiting classes over thousands of years will necessarily take a very, very long time. Therefore, the cultural revolutionary groups, committees, and congresses should not be temporary organizations, but permanent, standing mass organizations. They are suitable, not only for colleges, schools, and government and other organizations, but generally also for factories, mines, other enterprises, urban districts, and villages.

It is necessary to institute a system of general elections, like that of the Paris Commune, for electing members to the cultural revolutionary groups and committees and delegates to the cultural revolutionary congresses. The lists of candidates should be put forward by the revolutionary masses after full discussion, and the elections should be held after the masses have discussed the lists over and over again.

The masses are entitled at any time to criticize members of the cultural revolutionary groups and committees and delegates elected to the cultural revolutionary congresses. If these members or delegates prove incompetent, they can be replaced through election or recalled by the masses after discussion.

The cultural revolutionary groups, committees, and congresses in colleges and schools should consist mainly of representatives of the revolutionary students. At the same time, they should have a certain number of representatives of the revolutionary teaching and administrative staff and workers.

#10. EDUCATIONAL REFORM

In the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a most important task is to transform the old educational system and the old principles and methods of teaching.

In this Great Cultural Revolution, the phenomenon of our schools being dominated by bourgeois intellectuals must be completely changed.

In every kind of school, we must apply thoroughly the policy advanced by Comrade Mao Zedong of education serving proletarian politics and education being combined with productive labour, so as to enable those receiving an education to develop morally, intellectually, and physically and to become labourers with socialist consciousness and culture.

The period of schooling should be shortened. Courses should be fewer and better. The teaching material should be thoroughly transformed, in some cases beginning with simplifying complicated material. While their main task is to study, students should also learn other things. That is to say, in addition to their studies, they should also learn industrial work, farming, and military affairs, and take part in the struggles of the Cultural Revolution to criticize the bourgeoisie as these struggles occur.

#11. THE QUESTION OF CRITICIZING BY NAME IN THE PRESS

In the course of the mass movement of the Cultural Revolution, the criticism of bourgeois and feudal ideology should be well combined with the dissemination of the proletarian worldview and of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong's Thought.

Criticism should be organized of typical bourgeois representatives who have wormed their way into the Party and typical bourgeois reactionary academic «authorities», and this should include criticism of various kinds of reactionary views in philosophy, history, political economy, and education, in works and theories of literature and art, in theories of natural science, and in other fields.

Criticism of anyone by name in the press should be decided after discussion by the Party committee at the same level, and in some cases submitted to the Party committee at a higher level for approval.

#12. POLICY TOWARD SCIENTISTS, TECHNICIANS, AND ORDINARY STAFF MEMBERS

As regards scientists, technicians, and ordinary staff members, as long as they are patriotic, work energetically, are not against the Party and socialism, and maintain no illicit relations with any foreign country, we should, in the present movement, continue to apply the policy of «unity-criticism-unity». Special care should be taken of those scientists and scientific and technical personnel who have made contributions. Efforts should be made to help them gradually transform their worldview and their style of work.

#13. THE QUESTION OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTEGRATION WITH THE SOCIALIST EDUCATION MOVEMENT IN THE CITIES AND COUNTRYSIDE

The cultural and educational units and leading bodies of the Party and government in the large and middle cities are the points of concentration of the present Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

The Great Cultural Revolution has enriched the Socialist Education Movement in both the cities and the countryside and raised it to a higher level. Efforts should be made to conduct these two movements in close combination. Arrangements to this effect may be made by various regions and departments in the light of the specific conditions.

The Socialist Education Movement now going on in the countryside and in enterprises in the cities should not be upset where the original arrangements are appropriate and the movement is going well, but should continue in accordance with the original arrangements. However, the questions that are arising in the present Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution should be put to the masses for discussion at the proper time, so as to further foster vigorously proletarian ideology and eradicate bourgeois ideology.

In some places, the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is being used as the focus in order to add momentum to the Socialist Education Movement and clean things up in the fields of politics, ideology, organization, and economy. This may be done where the local Party committee thinks it appropriate.

#14. GRASP REVOLUTION, PROMOTE PRODUCTION

The aim of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is to revolutionize people's ideology and, as a consequence, to achieve greater, faster, better, and more economical results in all fields of work. If the masses are fully mobilized and proper arrangements are made, it is possible to carry on both the Cultural Revolution and production without one hampering the other, while guaranteeing high quality in all our work.

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is a powerful driving force for the development of the social productive forces in our country. Any idea of counterposing the Great Cultural Revolution to the development of production is incorrect.

#15. THE ARMED FORCES

In the armed forces, the Cultural Revolution and the Socialist Education Movement should be carried out in accordance with the orders of the Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Party and of the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army.

#16. MAO ZEDONG'S THOUGHT IS THE GUIDE TO ACTION IN THE GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION

In the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, it is imperative to uphold the great red banner of Mao Zedong's Thought and to put proletarian politics in command. The movement for the living study and application of Chairman Mao Zedong's works should be carried forward among the masses of the workers, peasants, and soldiers, the cadres, and the intellectuals, and Mao Zedong's Thought should be taken as the guide to action in the Cultural Revolution.

In this complex Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Party committees at all levels must study and apply Chairman Mao's works all the more conscientiously and in a living way. In particular, they must study over and over again Chairman Mao's writings on the Cultural Revolution and on the Party's methods of leadership, such as On New Democracy, Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art, On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People, On the Question of Propaganda Work, Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership, and Concluding Speech Delivered at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

Party committees at all levels must abide by the directives given by Chairman Mao over the years, namely, that they should thoroughly apply the mass line of «from the masses, to the masses» and that they should be pupils before they become teachers. They should try to avoid being one-sided or narrow. They should foster materialist dialectics and oppose metaphysics and scholasticism.

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is bound to achieve brilliant victory under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Party headed by Comrade Mao Zedong.